The curated resources linked below are an initial sample of the resources coming from a collaborative and rigorous review process with the EAD Content Curation Task Force.
This lesson builds on previous lesson, continuing to develop the students’ understanding of the Constitution by examining the Bill of Rights. The narrative provides an historical background for the writing of the first ten amendments, as well as the reasons why each amendment was seen as crucial to the states accepting the Constitution.
The Roadmap
National Constitution Center
In this lesson, students will learn about the judicial branch and legal processes in the court room. Students will also engage in a mock trial using contentious issues in the classroom.
The Roadmap
National Constitution Center
As a new country, the United States made alliances with France and made agreements with indigenous nations. George Washington’s Farewell Address laid the foundation for the principles of American foreign policy, which urged leaders to avoid foreign entanglement; however, the United States found itself during the Early Republic engaged in foreign challenges. The 19th Century quickened the pace at which American policy added territory to the country. Indigenous nations, European powers and continental neighbors would all be part of the narrative as expansion influenced much of national policy. The United States proclaimed the Western Hemisphere off limits to European states in the Monroe Doctrine, although it would be decades before it could be effectively upheld.
The end of the 19th century and early 20th century established the fundamental tensions in US policy and how it plays a role in global affairs. The Spanish American War established the nation as a world power but ignited significant debate over that role. The annexation of places like the Philippines appeared incompatible to democratic ideals for many. Others saw adding territories like Hawaii as necessary for trade and military security. World War I led to serious proposals, led by the United States, guaranteeing future peace via collective security. However, Washington’s admonition about “foreign entanglements” proved more popular with the people and the United States embraced isolation and neutrality until World War II.
Over the last 70 years, the United States continues to be influenced by its economic self interest, its political ideals and its historical isolationist stance. Certainly, US foreign policy has been inconsistent as it struggles with the instructions offered by its first president and the demands of the global community.
The resources in this spotlight kit are intended for classroom use, and are shared here under a CC-BY-SA license. Teachers, please review the copyright and fair use guidelines.
The Roadmap
- Primary Resources by Era/DateAmerican Revolution and the Early Republic 1778-1823 (4)Antebellum-World War I (1845-1919) (8)World War II Era (1938-1946) (6)Post-War Era (1951-Present) (5)
- All 23 Primary ResourcesTreaty with the Delaware (1778)Transcript
Articles of agreement and confederation, made and, entered; into by, Andrew and Thomas Lewis, Esquires, Commissioners for, and in Behalf of the United States of North-America of the one Part, and Capt. White Eyes, Capt. John Kill Buck, Junior, and Capt. Pipe, Deputies and Chief Men of the Delaware Nation of the other Part.
ARTICLE I.
That all offenses or acts of hostilities by one, or either of the contracting parties against the other, be mutually forgiven, and buried in the depth of oblivion, never more to be had in remembrance.ARTICLE II.
That a perpetual peace and friendship shall from henceforth take place, and subsist between the contracting: parties aforesaid, through all succeeding generations: and if either of the parties are engaged in a just and necessary war with any other nation or nations, that then each shall assist the other in due proportion to their abilities, till their enemies are brought to reasonable terms of accommodation: and that if either of them shall discover any hostile designs forming against the other, they shall give the earliest notice thereof that timeous measures may be taken to prevent their ill effect.This treaty established a tenuous peace between Americans and Native Americans. As explained in Smithsonian Magazine, “The Treaty with the Delaware Nation, signed at Fort Pitt in September 1778, represents a time when the newly independent United States needed American Indian allies to drive British troops from forts and outposts west of the Appalachian Mountains. Despite the treaty’s provisions, however, conflict continued in the Ohio Territory, leading the Delaware people to look for safer lands farther north and west.”
CitePrintShareRecordsofrights.org. 2022. Treaty with the Delaware, 1778 | Records of Rights. [online] Available at: http://recordsofrights.org/records/227/treaty-with-the-delaware
Magazine, S. (2018, May 21). A brief balance of power-the 1778 treaty with the Delaware Nation. Smithsonian.com. Retrieved May 28, 2022, from https://www.smithsonianmag.com/blogs/national-museum-american-indian/2018/05/22/1778-delaware-treaty/
Full text of the Treaty is available here.
George Washington's Farewell Address (1797)Washington, arguably the most respected foundational leader, was very clear about not getting involved in “foreign entanglements.” It’s important to contemplate his prescriptive advice and how close (or far) America has lived up to his vision.
George Washington’s Farewell Address (1797)“...Against the insidious wiles of foreign influence (I conjure you to believe me, fellow-citizens,) the jealousy of a free people ought to be constantly awake; since history and experience prove, that foreign influence is one of the most baneful foes of Republican Government. But that jealousy, to be useful, must be impartial; else it becomes the instrument of the very influence to be avoided, instead of a defense against it. Excessive partiality for one foreign nation, and excessive dislike of another, cause those whom they actuate to see danger only on one side, and serve to veil and even second the arts of influence on the other. Real patriots, who may resist the intrigues of the favorite, are liable to become suspected and odious; while its tools and dupes usurp the applause and confidence of the people, to surrender their interests.
The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign nations, is, in extending our commercial relations, to have with them as little political connection as possible. So far as we have already formed engagements, let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us stop.”
CitePrintShareWashington, George. George Washington Papers, Series 2, Letterbooks -1799: Letterbook 24, April 3, 1793 - March 3, 1797. 1793. Manuscript/Mixed Material. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/resource/mgw2.024/?sp=229
Full text here: “Washington's Farewell Address, 1796 · George Washington's Mount Vernon.” Mount Vernon, https://www.mountvernon.org/education/primary-source-collections/primary-source-collections/article/washington-s-farewell-address-1796/. Accessed 21 January 2023.
Request on Treaty of Tripoli (1797)Article 11 of this treaty established the United States as not being considered a “Christian Nation” by a foreign country. This would play an important part in diplomatic relations, especially with “non-Christian nations.” As one of our earlier treaties, this is also important because it sets the tone for foreign policy.
CitePrintShareSenate, Request on Treaty with Tripoli. -12-30, 1805. Manuscript/Mixed Material. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/item/mtjbib015461/.
President Monroe's Annual Message (1823)Transcript“...The citizens of the United States cherish sentiments the most friendly in favor of the liberty and happiness of their fellow-men on that side of the Atlantic. In the wars of the European powers in matters relating to themselves we have never taken any part, nor does it comport with our policy to do so. It is only when our rights are invaded or seriously menaced that we resent injuries or make preparation for our defense. With the movements in this hemisphere we are of necessity more immediately connected, and by causes which must be obvious to all enlightened and impartial observers. The political system of the allied powers is essentially different in this respect from that of America. This difference proceeds from that which exists in their respective Governments; and to the defense of our own, which has been achieved by the loss of so much blood and treasure, and matured by the wisdom of their most enlightened citizens, and under which we have enjoyed unexampled felicity, this whole nation is devoted. We owe it, therefore, to candor and to the amicable relations existing between the United States and those powers to declare that we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety.”
This item details “Monroe’s Doctrine” in President Monroe’s annual message to Congress. President Monroe buried a very serious global policy within the text of a routine speech. In it, he warned European powers to recognize the western hemisphere as America’s sphere of influence. His words are important to study how U.S. policy shifted in a drastic way.
CitePrintShareMemory.loc.gov. 2022. A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875. [online] Available at: <https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llac&fileName=041/llac041.db&recNum=4> [Accessed 25 April 2022].
Full text here: “Monroe Doctrine (1823) | National Archives.” National Archives |, 10 May 2022, https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/monroe-doctrine. Accessed 21 January 2023.
The Patriots Get Their Beans- Political Cartoon (1845)This cartoon is a satirical look at presidential power. IN it there is “A satirical view of the scramble among newly elected President James K. Polk's 1844 campaign supporters, or "patriots," for "their beans," i.e., patronage and other official favors.”
CitePrintShareBaillie, James S., Active, and Edward Williams Clay. The Patriots Getting Their Beans. N.Y.: Lith. & pub. by James Baillie. Photograph. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/item/2008661455/.
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)As explained by the National Archives, “This treaty, signed on February 2, 1848, ended the war between the United States and Mexico. By its terms, Mexico ceded 55 percent of its territory, including the present-day states California, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, most of Arizona and Colorado, and parts of Oklahoma, Kansas, and Wyoming. Mexico also relinquished all claims to Texas, and recognized the Rio Grande as the southern boundary with the United States.”
ARTICLE VIII Mexicans now established in territories previously belonging to Mexico, and which remain for the future within the limits of the United States, as defined by the present treaty, shall be free to continue where they now reside, or to remove at any time to the Mexican Republic…Those who shall prefer to remain in the said territories may either retain the title and rights of Mexican citizens or acquire those of citizens of the United States. But they shall be under the obligation to make their election within one year from the date of the exchange of ratifications of this treaty.…
ARTICLE IX The Mexicans who, in the territories aforesaid, shall not preserve the character of citizens of the Mexican Republic, conformably with what is stipulated in the preceding article, shall be incorporated into the Union of the United States. and be admitted at the proper time (to be judged of by the Congress of the United States) to the enjoyment of all the rights of citizens of the United States…
ARTICLE XII In consideration of the extension acquired by the boundaries of the United States, as defined in the fifth article of the present treaty, the Government of the United States engages to pay to that of the Mexican Republic the sum of fifteen million of dollars.
1Baillie, James S., Active, and Edward Williams Clay. The Patriots Getting Their Beans. N.Y.: Lith. & pub. by James Baillie. Photograph. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, <www.loc.gov/item/2008661455/>.CitePrintShare“Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) | National Archives.” National Archives |, 20 September 2022, https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/treaty-of-guadalupe-hidalgo. Accessed 21 January 2023.
Petition Against the Annexation of Hawaii (1897)Many people who were annexed by the United States tried to resist. This document shows how native Hawaiians did not want to be part of the United States.
CitePrintSharePetition Against the Annexation of Hawaii; 1897; Petitions and Memorials, Resolutions of State Legislatures, and Related Documents, which were referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations from the 55th Congress; Petitions and Memorials, 1817 - 2000; Records of the U.S. Senate, Record Group 46; National Archives Building, Washington, DC. [Online Version, https://www.docsteach.org/documents/document/petition-against-annexation-hawaii, April 25, 2022]
Chicago Liberty Meeting (1899)A session held by the Anti-imperialist league, this meeting consisted of people who spoke out against the U.S. annexation of the Philippines. It represents a domestic attitude about imperial ambitions.
CitePrintShareLoc.gov. 2022. Anti-imperialist league - The World of 1898: The Spanish-American War (Hispanic Division, Library of Congress). [online] Available at: <https://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/league.html> [Accessed 25 April 2022]
Pacifists (1917)Simply titled, “Pacifists,” this photo shows how many Americans wanted a more democratic process to foreign involvement with the implicit understanding that Americans do not desire foreign involvement.
CitePrintShareHarris & Ewing, photographer. PACIFISTS. Photograph. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/item/2016867043/.
Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points (1918)Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen points were statements of principles that outlined why the United States was entering the first World War. In other words, it was a clear statement of what Americans were fighting for. To many historians, this marked the end of isolationism.
CitePrintShareWilson, W., 2022. Woodrow Wilson's "Fourteen Points" | Peace and a New World Order? | World Overturned | Explore | Echoes of the Great War: American Experiences of World War I | Exhibitions at the Library of Congress | Library of Congress. [online] The Library of Congress. Available at: <https://www.loc.gov/exhibitions/world-war-i-american-experiences/about-this-exhibition/world-overturned/peace-and-a-new-world-order/woodrow-wilsons-fourteen-points/> [Accessed 25 April 2022].
Follow the Pied Piper (1918)This picture shows how kids were recruited to help make “victory gardens” and help win the war effort. It’s useful for demonstrating how Americans at home supported war goals.
CitePrintShareThe World War I Garden and Victory Garden. The World War I War Garden and Victory Garden - How Does Your Garden Grow Online Exhibit State Historical Society of North Dakota. (n.d.). Retrieved June 4, 2022, from https://www.history.nd.gov/exhibits/gardening/militaryevents8.html
Mary Church Terrell Papers (1919)This source shows a time when an American argued in favor of American intervention on behalf of Haiti, Liberia, and Abyssinia (Ethiopia).
CitePrintShareTerrell, Mary Church. Mary Church Terrell Papers: Subject File, -1962; Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, 1919 to 1921 , undated. - 1921, 1919. Manuscript/Mixed Material. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, www.loc.gov/item/mss425490340/. (Image 4)
Telegrams, Eleanor Roosevelt and President F.D. Roosevelt (1939)These images are telegrams sent from Eleanor Roosevelt, First Lady, to President Roosevelt, and his response. According to the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, “in February 1939, the First Lady joined a list of prominent Americans who supported the passage of the Wagner-Rogers Bill, which proposed to ‘permit the entry of 20,000 German refugee children, ages 14 and under, into the United States’ over a two-year period and outside of the existing, restrictive immigration quota system. Though she was often outspoken on behalf of causes she cared about, this was the first time she publicly endorsed a piece of pending legislation as first lady. Eleanor Roosevelt told reporters that the bill was ‘a wise way to do a humanitarian act.’ The president never officially commented on the proposed legislation. The bill was never voted on.”
CitePrintShareEleanor Roosevelt | Americans and the Holocaust, https://exhibitions.ushmm.org/americans-and-the-holocaust/personal-story/eleanor-roosevelt.
President Franklin D. Roosevelt, A Date Which Will Live in Infamy" Address (1941)Although the United States had resisted officially entering the war, the surprise bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 led to the declaration of war on Japan and its allies. This speech, which Roosevelt delivered to Congress the following day, was also broadcast live on national radio.
President Franklin D. Roosevelt, A Date Which Will Live in Infamy" Address to the Congress Asking That a State of War Be Declared Between the United States and Japan. December 8, 1941:“Mr. Vice President, and Mr. Speaker, and Members of the Senate and House of Representatives:
YESTERDAY, December 7, 1941 a date which will live in infamy, the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.
The United States was at peace with that Nation and, at the solicitation of Japan, was still in conversation with its Government and its Emperor looking toward the maintenance of peace in the Pacific. Indeed, one hour after Japanese air squadrons had commenced bombing in the American Island of Oahu, the Japanese Ambassador to the United States and his colleague delivered to our Secretary of State a formal reply to a recent American message. And while this reply stated that it seemed useless to continue the existing diplomatic negotiations, it contained no threat or hint of war or of armed attack.
It will be recorded that the distance of Hawaii from Japan makes it obvious that the attack was deliberately planned many days or even weeks ago. During the intervening time the Japanese Government has deliberately sought to deceive the United States by false statements and expressions of hope for continued peace.
The attack yesterday on the Hawaiian Islands has caused severe damage to American naval and military forces. I regret to tell you that very many American lives have been lost. In addition American ships have been reported torpedoed on the high seas between San Francisco and Honolulu.
…The people of the United States have already formed their opinions and well understand the implications to the very life and safety of our Nation.
As Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy I have directed that all measures be taken for our defense. But always will our whole Nation remember the character of the onslaught against us. No matter how long it may take us to overcome this premeditated invasion, the American people in their righteous might will win through to absolute victory.
I believe that I interpret the will of the Congress and of the people when I assert that we will not only defend ourselves to the uttermost but will make it very certain that this form of treachery shall never again endanger us….
I ask that the Congress declare that since the unprovoked and dastardly attack by Japan on Sunday, December 7, 1941, a state of war has existed between the United States and the Japanese Empire.”
CitePrintShareRoosevelt, Franklin D. “Speech by Franklin D. Roosevelt, New York (Transcript).” Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/resource/afc1986022.afc1986022_ms2201/?st=text.
Presidential Proclamation 2525: Enemy Aliens (1941)This Presidential Proclamation, which followed the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, set the stage for the incarceration of Japanese Americans. Under this proclamation, even Japanese-American citizens were treated as “enemy aliens,” deprived of their Constitutional rights, and removed from their homes into internment camps for the duration of the war.
CitePrintShare“Internment Archives.” Internment Archives, https://www.internmentarchives.com/specialreports/smithsonian/smithsonian10.php.
Recruitment Posters (1942)Uncle Sam Recruitment Poster (1942)“We Can Do It!” Rosie the Riveter (1942)These two iconic images are most closely associated with their use during World War II, though the “Uncle Sam” character was first created during World War I. The Department of Defense refers to these images, intended to recruit soldiers to fight and women to work in the factories to support the war effort, as the “social media of the time.” The “We Can Do It” poster introduced the character of Rosie the Riveter, intended to attract more women to fill jobs left vacant by men leaving for the armed forces.
CitePrintShareVergun, David. “WWII Posters Aimed to Inspire, Encourage Service,” U.S. Department of Defense, 16 October 2019, https://www.defense.gov/News/Feature-Stories/story/Article/1990131/wwii-posters-aimed-to-inspire-encourage-service/.
Yalta Conference, New York Times (1945)On February 11, 1945, President Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet leader Josef Stalin signed the Yalta Agreement. The three world leaders negotiated plans for the governance of Europe following the end of World War II.
Potsdam Declaration (1945)The terms of the Potsdam Declaration include “that Japan …be given an opportunity to end this war,” but within two weeks, the United States deployed atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The use of these two nuclear weapons was the only such use in history. The final statement of the Proclamation, included in this excerpt, hints at that threat. While Japan did surrender after the use of the atomic bombs, some historians question whether the deployment of the weapons was necessary for surrender or whether the surrender could have been secured without it.
Proclamation Defining Terms for Japanese Surrender Issued, at Potsdam, July 26, 1945- We―the President of the United States, the President of the National Government of the Republic of China, and the Prime Minister of Great Britain, representing the hundreds of millions of our countrymen, have conferred and agree that Japan shall be given an opportunity to end this war.
- The prodigious land, sea and air forces of the United States, the British Empire and of China, many times reinforced by their armies and air fleets from the west, are poised to strike the final blows upon Japan. This military power is sustained and inspired by the determination of all the Allied Nations to prosecute the war against Japan until she ceases to resist.
- The occupying forces of the Allies shall be withdrawn from Japan as soon as these objectives have been accomplished and there has been established in accordance with the freely expressed will of the Japanese people a peacefully inclined and responsible government.
- We call upon the government of Japan to proclaim now the unconditional surrender of all Japanese armed forces, and to provide proper and adequate assurances of their good faith in such action. The alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction.
CitePrintShare“Potsdam Declaration - Nuclear Museum.” Atomic Heritage Foundation, https://ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/ahf/key-documents/potsdam-declaration/.
The Causes of World War (1951)In this draft of a speech WEB DuBois was critiquing war as a means to perpetuate supremacy. He argued against involvement.
CitePrintShareDuBois, W., 2022. The causes of world war, September 28, 1951. [online] Credo.library.umass.edu. Available at: https://credo.library.umass.edu/view/full/mums312-b201-i071 [Accessed 25 April 2022].
U.S.S.R. Moscow, Mr. K[hrushchev] & V.P. Nixon on T.V. at American exhibit (1959)U.S.S.R. Moscow, Mr. K[hrushchev] & V.P. Nixon on T.V. at American exhibit (1959)This source shows the impact television made on foreign policy. Nixon and Kruschev debated about the merits of their respective economic types.
CitePrintShareLoc.gov. 2022. U.S.S.R. Moscow, Mr. K[hrushchev] & V.P. Nixon on T.V. at American exhibit. [online] Available at: https://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/ppmsca.19730/ [Accessed 25 April 2022].
Tick-Tock-Tock Political Cartoon (1962)This satirical cartoon shows the seemingly inevitable nature of nuclear war, after getting entangled with The Soviet Union. It can be used to show how close the United States came to nuclear war and the results of brinkmanship policy.
CitePrintShareBlock, H., 2022. "Tick-tock-tick". [online] Loc.gov. Available at: <https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2011661783/> [Accessed 25 April 2022].
Anti-Vietnam War Protest (1968)A massive movement against the war in Vietnam, protestors took to the streets to voice their outrage in U.S. policy, arguing for less intervention in global affairs.
CitePrintShareLoc.gov. 2022. [Anti-Vietnam war protest and demonstration in front of the White House in support of singer Eartha Kitt]. [online] Available at: https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2010646065/ [Accessed 25 April 2022].
Camp David Summit (1978)This meeting between the U.S. president and leaders from Egypt and Israel successfully produced the basis for an Egyptian-Israeli peace, in the form of two “Framework” documents, which laid out the principles of a bilateral peace agreement as well as a formula for Palestinian self-government in Gaza and the West Bank.
1U.S. Department of State. (n.d.). U.S. Department of State. Retrieved June 2, 2022, from https://history.state.gov/milestones/1977-1980/camp-david#:~:text=In%20the%20end%2C%20while%20the,Gaza%20and%20the%20West%20Bank.
CitePrintShareU.S. Department of State. (n.d.). U.S. Department of State. Retrieved June 2, 2022, from https://history.state.gov/milestones/1977-1980/camp-david#:~:text=In%20the%20end%2C%20while%20the,Gaza%20and%20the%20West%20Bank.